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Hohenzollern Redoubt (1916)
The Hohenzollern Redoubt was a German defensive position on the Loos front, which was fought over by the British and German armies from the Battle of Loos to the beginning of the Battle of the Somme . Over the winter months, the 170th Tunnelling Company dug several galleries under the German lines, in the ドイツ語:''Hohenzollern'' Redoubt area, which had changed hands several times since September 1915. In March 1916, the west side was held by the British and the east side was still occupied by the Germans, with the front near a new German trench known as the Chord. The Germans had an unobstructed view of the British positions, from a slag heap named フランス語:''Fosse 8'' and in previous mining operations, no man's land had become a crater field. The British front line was held by outposts, to reduce the number of troops vulnerable to mine explosions and the strain of knowing that the ground could erupt at any moment.
The 12th (Eastern) Division was selected to conduct an attack, intended to capture the crater field, gain observation from crater lips over the German defences back to フランス語:''Fosse 8'' and end the threat of German mine attacks. Four mines, the largest yet sprung by the British, were detonated on 2 March, then followed up by two battalions of infantry, which captured the new craters, several German occupied craters, Triangle Crater which had not been seen until overrun and a large length of the Chord, most of the rest being obliterated by the mine explosions. The main entrance of the German mine galleries was discovered in Triangle Crater and the 170th Tunnelling Company crossed no man's land, to demolish the entrance. German counter-attacks concentrated on the recovery of Triangle Crater, which was re-captured on 4 March. The recovery by the Germans of the gallery entrance, threatened the positions captured by the British, who attacked Triangle Crater on 6 March, were defeated and forced back to their start line.
The British tunnellers got into the German gallery system from a British tunnel and were able to demolish the system on 12 March, which relieved the threat of another German mine attack. Skirmishing around the craters diminished and it was thought that the Germans were concentrating on consolidating new positions. On 18 March, the Germans surprised the British with five mines, which had been quietly dug through the clay layer above the chalk. The German attack had nearly as much success as the British attack on 2 March and forced back the British to the original front line, before local counter-attacks regained some of the craters. When the fighting died down after 19 March, both sides occupied the near lips of the craters. Brigadier-General Cator, the 37th Brigade commander, recommended that attempts to occupy craters should end and the near lips be held instead, because they were death traps against howitzer and mortar fire and because the expected observation from the crater lip, was obstructed by its convex shape and large lumps of chalk brought to the surface by the explosions.
==Background==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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